O Come, O Come, Emmanuel is an Advent hymn of great importance to our faith. For many, it is the musical sound that defines the season of Advent. Its text is derived from the “O Antiphons,” which are specifically assigned to the seven days leading up to Christmas. During these final days of Advent—beginning on December 17—the eager anticipation of celebrating our Lord’s Nativity becomes more pronounced. The readings, proper prayers, and antiphons shift their focus more explicitly toward Christ’s birth rather than his Second Coming, which is the primary emphasis during the earlier part of the season. The O Antiphons thus hold a particularly important place both historically and liturgically.
The O Antiphons originated sometime before the sixth century and are first referenced by Boethius. Each antiphon begins with the exclamation “O,” which in medieval manuscripts was often rendered as a large and ornate letter, much like the example shown in the accompanying graphic. Liturgically, these antiphons were originally assigned to the Magnificat, sung at the culmination of Evening Prayer (Vespers) in the Liturgy of the Hours.
In the modern Roman Rite, the O Antiphons have also been incorporated into the verses for the Gospel Acclamation, proclaimed between the Alleluias. The antiphons are as follows:
December 17: O Sapientia (O Wisdom)
December 18: O Adonai
December 19: O Radix Jesse (O Root of Jesse)
December 20: O Clavis David (O Key of David)
December 21: O Oriens (O Dawn from on High)
December 22: O Rex Gentium (O King of the Nations)
December 23: O Emmanuel
In the English-speaking tradition, these antiphons are most familiar to us in their combined form as the Advent hymn O Come, O Come, Emmanuel. This synthesis works especially well for Sunday worship, since many Anglicans and Roman Catholics do not attend Mass or the Liturgy of the Hours on a daily basis.
In these final days of Advent, it can be a fruitful devotional practice to prayerfully reflect on the O Antiphons and what they reveal about the nature of God and the mystery of the Incarnation. May we rejoice in these holy encounters with the incarnate Christ.